About the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

About the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Created under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) functions as a regulatory agency under the U.S. Department of Transportation with a primary mission of ensuring the safety of civil aviation. Civil aviation includes all non-military, private and commercial aviation activities, including aerospace activities. The FAA also works closely with the U.S. military to ensure the safe operation of military aircraft in public airspace across the nation. Primary Responsibilities of the FAA Include: Regulating civil aviation to promote safety within the U.S. and abroad. The FAA exchanges information with foreign aviation authorities; certifies foreign aviation repair shops, air crews, and mechanics; provides technical aid and training; negotiates bilateral airworthiness agreements with other countries; and takes part in international conferences.Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology.Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft.Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics.Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation,Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation. The FAA licenses commercial space launch facilities and private launches of space payloads on expendable launch vehicles. Investigation of aviation incidents, accidents and disasters is conducted by the National Transportation Safety Board, an independent government agency. Organization of the FAAAn administrator manages FAA, assisted by a Deputy Administrator. Five Associate Administrators report to the Administrator and direct the line-of-business organizations that carry out the agencys principle functions. The Chief Counsel and nine Assistant Administrators also report to the Administrator. The Assistant Administrators oversee other key programs such as Human Resources, Budget, and System Safety. We also have nine geographical regions and two major centers, the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center and the William J. Hughes Technical Center. FAA History What would become the FAA was born in 1926 with passage of the Air Commerce Act. The law established the framework of the modern FAA by directing the Cabinet-level Department of Commerce with promoting commercial aviation, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining systems to help pilots navigate the skies. The Commerce Department’s new Aeronautics Branch took off, overseeing U.S. aviation for the next eight years. In 1934, the former Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. In one of its first acts the Bureau worked with a group of airlines to set up the nation’s first air traffic control centers in Newark, New Jersey, Cleveland, Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois. In 1936, the Bureau assumed control of the three centers, thus establishing the concept of federal control over air traffic control operations at major airports. Focus Shifts to Safety In 1938, after a series of high-profile fatal accidents, the federal emphasis shifted to aviation safety with passage of the Civil Aeronautics Act. The law created the politically-independent Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), with a three-member Air Safety Board. As a forerunner of today’s National Transportation Safety Board, the Air Safety Board began investigating accidents and recommending how they could be prevented. As a pre-World War II defense measure, the CAA assumed control over air traffic control systems at all airports, including towers at small airports. In the post-war years, the federal government assumed responsibility for air traffic control systems at most airports. On June 30, 1956, a Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Air Lines DC-7 collided over the Grand Canyon killing all 128 people on the two planes. The crash happened on a sunny day with no other air traffic in the area. The disaster, along with the growing use of jet airliners capable of speeds nearing 500 miles per hour, drove a demand for a more unified federal effort to ensure the safety of the flying public. Birth of the FAA On August 23, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aviation Act, which transferred the old Civil Aeronautics Authoritys functions to a new independent, regulatory Federal Aviation Agency responsible for ensuring the safety of all aspects of non-military aviation. On December 31, 1958, the Federal Aviation Agency began operations with retired Air Force General Elwood Pete Quesada serving as its first administrator. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson, believing a single coordinated system for federal regulation of all modes of land, sea and air transportation was needed, directed Congress to create the cabinet-level Department of Transportation (DOT). On April 1, 1967, the DOT began full operation and immediately changed the name of the old Federal Aviation Agency to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). On the same day, the accident investigation function of the old Air Safety Board was transferred to the new National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

Edible Candle - Fire Science Demonstration

Edible Candle - Fire Science Demonstration For this science magic trick, you light a candle, blow out the flame and then eat the candle. Its safe, fun and even nutritious. Edible Candle Materials This project requires a few simple ingredients from the home: bananapecan nutcandle stick or candle holder with wax drippingsmatch or lighter Set Up The Trick Cut a banana so that it resembles a small candle. You want a candle that you can eat in one or two bites.Set your banana-candle on a candle stick or holder. If the candle stick has white wax drippings, this will add realism to the trick.Cut the pecan into a wick shape and set it into the top of the banana.When you are ready to do the trick, light the pecan, just like an ordinary candle wick. Blow out the flame and eat the candle. How It Works Pecans, as well as other nuts, are high in oils. The nut can be lit like a candle wick and will burn for several minutes. You could even use nuts on a cake as birthday candles!

Strategic Analysis of Loreal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Analysis of Loreal - Essay Example Organizational culture in L’Oreal: L’Oreal has adhered to strong organizational cultures over the years. Since its inception, the organization has aimed to deliver its best to fulfill the needs of the people. It has maintained transparency in maintaining high quality of the products. In the development of the product, the organization has been careful in maintain the safety and the efficacy. The organization maintains a high level of ethics as a part of their corporate culture. Fairness in every action of the organization is found to exist. There is maintenance of good practice of the corporate governance. The organization maintains strong relationships with customers and suppliers. Every employee in the organization is provided with equal opportunities based on their positions. (Ethics, n. d) The organization also maintains long term value for the share holders by protecting their interest and utilizing the company assets. The organization maintains honesty and clarity to wards the customers and the claims they make about the products are all proven by scientific data. As a part of the organization culture, the organization also carries out with their ethical practices in accounting and reporting and does not tolerate any level of corruption. The privacy of the employees is also maintained at a high level and the employees are provided with an environment in which they fell motivated to deliver their best for the organization. The employee participation is also allowed to a large extent in the organization and thy employees also contribute with their ideas and suggestion (Diversities, n. d). The efficiency of the employees are recognized and rewarded and respect towards the culture of the employees is maintained. The organization also tries to take care that no level of biasness creeps in the organization. As a part of the culture, the organization also tries to deliver its best for the overall development of the society and maintaining its respo nsibility towards the society. It promotes the human rights of the people and makes contribution towards the development of the children in various societies. It also carries out awareness program for the maintenance of biodiversity. Organizational structure of L’Oreal: In the consideration of the organizational structure of a multinational organization like L’Oreal the most significant thing which comes into notice is the fact that the organization maintains decentralized structure. The organization has various divisions which are controlled by the respective departmental heads. The overall workings of the organization are maintained by the CEO. The CEO is responsible for the direct supervision of various departments which includes marketing, finance and the human resource (The official board, n. d). The overall decentralization of the organization poses as a weakness in the overall management of the organization. There are also no modes of intercommunication between the departments in the organization. The organization also has a management committee who are in charge of the different sectors. In spite of the decentralization of the overall organizational, the presence of review committee which are supervised by the board of directors of the organizat

Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiation - Essay Example The activity of negotiation takes place in all spheres of personal as well as professional life. Negotiation takes place in personal events such as marriage, parenting and divorce in daily life. In various professional activities of business, legal matters, economic and financial decisions, negotiation brings about logic and counter logic as support system for decision making. Negotiation requires a pro-active action on the part of the negotiator which enables him to get his desired objective or goal (Fisher and  Ury, 2012, p.59). The individuals who are go-getters are able to negotiate well as they endorse their opinion with support logic that conquers any other counter logic. Rather than waiting for somebody else to take the initiative, a better and fruitful way of negotiation is to initiate the proceeding and control the course of discussion with the help of strong communication skills backed by logical reasoning. The process of negotiation is complete when an advantage over oth er opinion is achieved with the help of proactive action, strong communication skills and logical ability. ... The underlying roots that led to his ideas and opinions could only be clarified by the individual. The effects of the activity of negotiation are also known best to the individual. Since the course of discussion includes several opinions from the individuals in the group and is not a monologue, there will be diverse proposals on a certain topic from the participants (Hall, 1993, p.53). The acceptance of the ideas among all the group members is an activity of negotiation that needs clear and articulated approach of the participants engaged in the course of activity or discussion. The person needs to stand out of the crowd in terms of logical power and the ability of reasoning. A critical thought needs to be put on the process of bargaining and negotiation with others for acceptability of ideas (Spangle and  Isenhart, 2003, p.31). The power of reasoning that would put an individual ahead of others in the process of negotiation needs to be supported by strong communication skills. Wit h the help of excellent communication skills, the negotiation on desired matters could be carried out effectively. Finally a proactive approach needs to be implemented rather than waiting for other to take action in the process of bargain. A go-getter who is able to put forth his views and obtain a consensus on his proposals is able to attain advantage over others in the process of negotiation. Rationale for argument The rationale for the argument on negotiation that requires the essential qualities of a go-getter, strong communicator and a logical person has been explained as follows. A proactive approach is required for endorsing the strategic choice of the individual in the process of negotiation because if the pro-active step is not taken, it would lead to some

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

American history - Essay Example The American civil War has also been known to be the earliest industrial battles due to the extensive use of railroads, steamships, mass-produced weapons and the telegraph. The mobilization of mines, food supplies, transportation and shipyards all predicted Word War 1. The civil war is known to be the deadliest battle in the United States’ history (Brinkley). During the civil war, the Northern region had many advantages as compared to the South. They had more people than the South. There were 23 Northern states and, in those states, there were more than 21 million inhabitants. On the other hand, the South only had nine million people and, among those people, there were 3.5 million slaves. However, the size of the Southern army during commence of the war was almost equivalent to that of the Northern army. Another advantage of the North is that it had a large industrial advantage. When the war started, the South was said to have a ninth the industrial capacity of the North. However, the statistics is not true. In 1860, the North went ahead and manufactured 97% of the countries firearms. It also had 96% of railway locomotives, 94% of its pig iron and 94% of its cloth. As a result, the North had two times the density of railroads than the South. The North suppressed the South such that, the entire South did not have even a single rifle works. Therefore, the South had to import all the main ingredients of gunpowder. The North also had another advantage, having control over the navy. This meant that the Northerners had all the control over the seas. As a result of the suppression by the North, the South resulted to creating ammunition by the melting-down of church bells and bells from town squares. On the other hand, the South also had some advantages. The South had food resources and also a large nucleus of trained soldiers. This is because the south had seven among the

Scan Of The Airline Industry For Flydubai Tourism Essay

Scan Of The Airline Industry For Flydubai Tourism Essay Dubai is considered one of the most important trading hubs in the Middle East region. Its rapid growth in its major infrastructure elements had attracted many multinational companies across the world to open their regional offices in the city. This had its positive effects on Dubai economical growth as it became a golden gate for regional Middle East businessmen to trade with other international companies. As a result of this, the need for a low cost airline that provides its services for business men within the region had increased. The city experience with the airline industry is not new as it is the home city of Fly Emirates, which is considered one of the best airlines in the region. This industry had its great effect on Dubai economical growth in the past 20 years and will have its strong impact in shaping the emirate future. In March 2008, the second low cost airline was lunched under the name of Flydubai and started its operations in Dubai International Airport Terminal 2 in J une 2009. (For more information on Flydubai and its operations, please refer to Appendix 1). We have defined our relevant market for Flydubai as a low cost carrier (LCC) within the product form level. Being positioned as a low cost national airline carrier, its facing a high competition from other national airlines which force the relevant market to be within the product form. (For more information on the relevant market please refer to appendix 2). This paper will focus on presenting an environmental scan of the airline industry within the Middle East region during the time frame of 3 years (2009-2012). In order to do so, we will identify the significant trends and their consequent implications on Flydubai relevant market. This report will include an in depth review of the macro, micro analysis and its implications of Flydubai relevant market in the next three years. Body: In identifying the major key trends in the macro environment of Flydubai, we have addressed several issues that include the political, social and economical trends. Flydubai was established by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai orders in march 2008 and started its operation in its first flight to Lebanon on June 1st 2009.Being fully owned by Dubai government and enjoy the full facilities offered in terminal 2 at Dubai International Airport, the company is having a competitive advantage compared to its rivals in the market as it enjoy the full government support and airport services. Furthermore, the current government trend in the labor force is towards emiratization and protecting labors rights. Being a part of the Fly Emirates Group, the organization will face no problem in emiratization as it will follow Fly Emirates emiratization strategy. The major challenge that Flydubai will face is being able to offer high paid jobs and reduce its operational costs as it is considered a low cost airline company. Living in the current financial crises era, Flydubai was established in one of the most difficult time the country economy had faced in the last 25 years. Falling oil prices, cooling real estate and construction markets, together with a slowdown in the tourism sector, especially in Dubai, means the UAE is expected to post low or possibly negative GDP growth in 2009, according to analysts (Arabian Business, 2009). This information may be considered negative to many airline companies but it may be positive to a low cost airline like Flydubai as people are now focusing more in reducing their expenses as the incomes are reduced. This means their tendency of consumers focusing more on prices is increasing. Furthermore, consumer behavior is changing towards low cost airlines especially in the Middle East region as consumers are persuaded by low prices and a better service offered by low cost airlines. According to a study done by Arabian Business website, it was found that 83 percent of the respondents would switch their preferred airline carrier, for a cheaper price, while 17.6 percent believed they would consider alternatives and trade off between the discount and lost air miles. It can thus be inferred that pricing plays a significant role in consumer behaviour and the decision making process especially in the current economic downturn era (Glass, 2008). According to Dubai department of Tourism and commerce marketing 3.85 million tourists had visited the emirate in the first half of 2009, a five percent increase on the same period of 2008. This figure strongly shows the current tourism industry market and how attractive it became even though of the current economical downturn. Other figures expect that the number of tourists will fall compared to 2008 figures but most figures have stated that there will be a positive growth in 2010. This figure shows that Flydubai will see a future growth rates in the coming 3 years as terrorism sector restore its high figures after overcoming the current downturn. As observed by Andrew Cowen, CEO of SAMA Airlines, the market is shifting from the traditional major airlines business travel towards low cost carriers for trips within the GCC. Business travelers are changing their perception of low cost carriers, supported by the current economic downturn and the increase number of foreign businesses within GCC countries entering the UAE. This shows a trend of an increasing demand for low cost carriers in the next three years (High time for low cost carriers, 2008). (For in depth information on the analysis of the macro environment of the airline industry please refer to Appendix 3) In identifying the major key trends in the micro environment the following aspects that includes, Customers, Employees, media, shareholders, competitors and suppliers. Customers who are price conscious are concerned with low cost airlines. Flydubai has focused on pricing strategy and flexibility because these two factors play a big role in determining the customers decision process on which airlines they choose to travel with. Moreover, the number of tourist from around the world including the region will grow more than 40% in the next 3 years in Dubai (www.realtyna.com). This shows that there will be increased number of customers who will use Flydubai airlines within the next three years due its successful use of pricing strategy and flexibility. The Employees of Flydubai have good experiences and they were carefully selected from twelve different nationalities. According to Kenneth Gile, chief operating officer of Flydubai said: We are extremely pleased with the talent of the pilots we have on board. On average, they each have more than 4,000 hours serving as captain in similar aircraft and a total experience of more than 8,000 flying hours this is impressive by any standard (Sambidge, 2009). Flydubai is fully owned by the government of Dubai and its considered as a part of its mother company the Emirates Group. The main strategy that Flydubai is willing to use for their marketing strategy is through word of mouth (buzz). This is because Flydubai is a low cost airline; they tend to set low budgets for their advertisements to keep their prices low. The direct competitors of Flydubai are Air Arabia and Al Jazeerah airlines because these two airlines are also low cost airlines in the same country as Flydubai. However, the major competitor of Flydubai is Air Arabia because, first of all, they are the first to claim about low cost airlines in the Middle East region. Moreover, they hold the highest market share in the relevant market as identified before. Our market share comparing to those two carries are low because Flydubai just recently launched to the market. But, within the next three years we expect rapid growth in the market share because Dubai is a destination for tourists. The major indirect competitor is Fly Emirates which stands as the leader in airline industry in the relevant market and it will keep its performance in the next three years. The second indirect competitor is Etihad Airlines which is growing fast because of the unlimited support from Abu Dhabi government. In addition, those airline carriers make low price offers for the same destination that we have flight lines to. The supplier of Flydubai is Boeing. Flydubai announced an order of 50 next generation 737 aircraft from Boeing. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed al Maktoum said: The Boeing Next-Generation 737 is ideally suited to our mission to bring some two billion regional inhabitants affordable, efficient and flexible travel options to and from Dubai.(For more information on the micro environment analysis, please refer to Appendix 4). Implications: Primary demand: Low cost airlines are focusing on customers who are price conscious. The number of customers using the LCC airlines is increasing and it will continue growing in the next three years (www.gulf-daily-news.com). This is because, first of all, the percentage of tourists will increase by 40% within the next three years which shows that the market share of LCC will increase as well. Secondly, because of the economic condition, many people tend to save money and spend it on low cost airlines to travel more to the desired destinations. Users of Low cost airlines contain all different ages and nationalities. Moreover, cost is one of the main factors that affect customers ability to buy. The costs of these carriers are low and will continue to remain low in the next three years. This will increase customers ability and willingness to buy. Selective demand We can define the consumer decision making process as an extensive problem solving level, where they are introduced to a complete new brand with low brand knowledge. So, Flydubai should infusive more on their brand identity through the media and other communication types in order to enrich consumers knowledge. Once Flydubai had increased the level of consumer knowledge, we expect huge increase in market share in the next three years because the decision making process is going to shift from extensive problem solving to routine which is low information search about the company. Therefore, we expect major change within the next three year upon the factors we mentioned above. Segmentation: As for segmentation we expect to see a rise in the population of the UAE in the following 3 years. According to the electronic portal of Gulf News the population of UAE is approaching six million as of now and it is expected to escalate even further by the end of this year. An increase in construction in the coming years requires more labor to be imported from foreign countries, thus increasing the number of potential customers (low income and middle-class lifestyles) who might want to use our services. Moreover, economic boom can also be a factor for businessmen to travel to and from Dubai more frequently. In addition, the number of students travelling to the UAE for education is expected to increase in the near future; this implies that they will most probably select Flydubai as their primary mode of transport to travel to and from the UAE, since the economic condition shows very little signs of improvement in the near future. More tourists are expected to arrive in the UAE within the near future out of which a section of them are extremely price sensitive travelers. Another scenario would be that the current economic downturn continues to effect economies world-wide within the coming three years increasing the number of price-sensitive customers in the eight markets we operate in. To keep up with the projected demand, Flydubai is planning to increase its fleet size from 5 (currently) to 54 aircrafts in the coming years. An increase in fleet size would allow Flydubai not only to accommodate a large number of clients but also expand its reach in terms of destinations. Conversely, the announcement of the new GCC rail network which is the new transportation class in our relevant market is expected to have a slight negative effect on Flydubais operations in terms of loosing clients that fall in our target segmentation. The GCC rail network and Flydubai have one common destination which is Qatar. Once the GCC rail network begins its operations there is a high possibility of losing out on our current and potential clients. (For more information on segmentation please refer to appendix 5). Competitor analysis Our major competitive in our relative market is Air Arabia and then Al Jazeera Airlines. Air Arabia is holding major market share because they are the first to claim about launching first low cost airlines in Middle East region. However, Flydubai can compete with those two direct competitors when we focus on our competitive advantage which is price leadership. Also, location is another important factor due the number of travelers that are using Dubai Airport comparing to Sharjah Airport. In addition, being part of the Emirates Group will add more value to Flydubai brand equity which will make it easier to make customers shift toward our company within the next three years. (For more information on competitor analysis, please refer to Appendix 6) Conclusion: In conclusion after analyzing the environmental micro and macro trend for Flydubai, we observed that there are two major changes in our relevant market. First, the increase of the tourism level in Dubai as we expect the current economic downturn era to change its direction towards positive figures in the next three years. Also, the companies holders and businessmen attitude towards low cost airlines is changing by using it as these airlines are providing business men services aboard such a business class and wireless internet connection. The number of competitors within the low cost airline industry is going to increase in the coming years as new airlines such as Bahrain Airlines starts its operation this year. Secondly, full service airlines are expanding their market towards low cost airline by introducing low price tickets that attract price sensitive consumers. We expect that within the next ten years a new class level will enter the market in the GCC region which is trains trans portation. Also, a new form level will emerge in the relevant market which is a combination between full services and low cost carriers. Finally, within the next three years we expect those changes in the relevant market to be reshaped affecting the primary and selective demand. Bibliography (2009, October 18). Flydubai airline. Retrieved from http://www.dubaifaqs.com/Flydubai.php McKechnie, D, Grant, J, Katsioloudes, M. (2008). Positions and positioning: strategy simply stated. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 9(5), Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/3300090502.html doi: 1751-5637 (2009). Environmental scanning. Wikipedia. Retrieved (2009, October 17) from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_scanning (2009). Flydubai. Wikipedia. Retrieved (2009, October 17) from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flydubai (n.d.). flydubai, who we are. Retrieved from http://www.Flydubai.com/whoweare/fleet.aspx (2009, June 8). Two more tough years for the airlines. Retrieved from http://www.eturbonews.com/9675/two-more-tough-years-airlines Nagraj, A. (2009, September 16). Gloomy skies for the airline industry. Retrieved from http://www.kippreport.com/2009/09/gloomy-skies-for-the-airline-industry/ Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, Initials. (2009, October 15). Middle East LCC wrap: Air Arabia, Jazeera, Flydubai, nasair, sama and Bahrain Air. Retrieved from http://www.centreforaviation.com/news/2009/10/15/middle-east-lcc-wrap-air-arabia-jazeera-Flydubai-nasair-sama-and-bahrain-air/page1 Riaz, D, Kapadia, S. (2007). Air Arabia, Priced so that you can fly [5-14]. (Adobe Digital Edition Version), Retrieved from http://ae.zawya.com/researchreports/efg/20070701_efg_110604.pdf Schewe, , Charles, D, Hiam, A. (n.d.). market segmentation. Retrieved from http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/market-segmentation/ (2009, 10 07). UAE population reaches six million. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j24H1v8s1BWuNXEwptqRIiB_-OOA (2009, 10 07). Expat numbers rise rapidly as UAE population touches 6m. Retrieved from http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Expat_numbers_rise_rapidly_as_UAE_population_touches_6m/37883.htm (2009, April 7). FlyDubai opens for business with flights to Beirut and Amman. Retrieved from http://www.ameinfo.com/191649.html (2009, October 8). Number of tourists in Dubai set to grow by 40 per cent . Retrieved from http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:EPQhPUeolAEJ:www.realtyna.com/dubai_real_estate/dubai-rss-news/number-of-tourists-in-dubai-set-to-grow-by-40-per-cent.html+http://www.realtyna.com/dubai_real_estate/dubai-rss-news/number-of-tourists-in-dubai-set-to-grow-by-40-per-cent.htmlcd=1hl=arct=clnkgl=ae Sambidge, Initials. (2009, March 18). flydubai appoints pilots, cabin crew. Retrieved from http://www.arabianbusiness.com/549994-Flydubai-appoints-pilots-cabin-crew Sambidge, A. (2009, August 11). Dubai tourists up 5% in H1 official. Retrieved from http://www.arabianbusiness.com/564508-dubai-tourists-up-5-in-h1official (2009, 10 07). UAE population. Retrieved from http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/09/10/07/10355378.html Redpath, H. (2009, June 16). Dubais First Low Cost Airline Takes Off. Retrieved from http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/Flydubai/38830/ Redpath, H. (2009, June 16). Dubais First Low Cost Airline Takes Off. Retrieved from http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20090616081711 Appendix 1 Back Ground information on Flydubai: Flydubai is the UAE second low cost airline that was established in March ,3rd 2008 on the orders of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai. The company first flight was in June 1,2009 to Beirut in Lebanon followed by flights to Amman, Jordan, on June 2, Damascus, Syria, on June 8 and Alexandria, Egypt, on June 9, giving the new airline a total of four destinations in just nine days. (Redpath, 2009). The company had ordered 50 Boeing 737 and is going to receive 10 airplanes each year for the next five years. (Flydubai,2009) Currently the company runs its operations in Dubai International Airport terminal 2 that was redesigned for the new airline. Sheikh Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Chairman of Flydubai said: This region is very dependent on air transport. It is a great credit to the vision and leadership of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, that this airline has now taken off, thereby ensuring residents and visitors alike will be able to travel to more places more often. (Redpath, 2009). The Flydubai model is simple, with customers only paying for the services they want. The ticket price includes all taxes and one piece of hand baggage, weighing up to 10kg, per passenger. Passengers have the option to purchase checked-in baggage in advance at just 40AED for the first piece and 100AED for the second, weighing up to 32kgs, subject to availability. Checked baggage is strictly subject to availability and passengers are advised to book early to secure the space, as only pre-purchased baggage can be guaranteed. (Redpath, 2009) Flydubai aims to make travel a little less complex, a little less stressful and a little less expensive, explained Flydubai CEO Ghaith Al Ghaith. Our passengers have the option to customize their travel experience depending on what services they want and how much they want to pay. (Redpath, 2009) We plan to stimulate the markets in which we operate and encourage people to travel to more places more often. Flydubai aim is not to drive traffic away from the other carriers but to help grow these markets. When you consider that low cost travel in this region could be as little as 2% of all air travel, as opposed to more than 20% in Europe and America, it is clear that there is a lot of untapped potential in these markets. (Redpath, 2009) In addition, Flydubai will fly to airports that are currently underserved by the traditional carriers. In a region which is so dependent on air transport, we are looking forward to providing the reality of accessible, low cost, uncomplicated travel (Redpath, 2009). Appendix 2: Product Market Structure: The above market structure was used to identify Flydubai relevant market within the airline industry in the Middle East region. We started the structure with the most basic need which is the need to travel in the region. This provided us with three alternatives that include airplanes, buses and cars. The product form is divided between full service carriers and low cost carriers as they differentiate in prices and services being offered to customers. From this structure we can identify Flydubai relevant market within the product form level. This is because the degree of competition and substitutability within the brand suppliers are high, as they all offer low prices with similar routes within the region. This push the relevant market upwards towards the product form level. Furthermore, Flydubai indirect competitors include Fly Emirates, Etihad airlines and Saudi airlines. These full service airlines are competing with Flydubai indirectly by providing low prices with full services. O n the other hand our direct competitors include Air Arabia and Al Jazerra airlines that are both low cost airlines that perform within the region. Further explanation on competition will be provided in the Micro analysis in the competitors section. Appendix 3 Macro Environment: In studying the external environment of Flydubai in the next three years we will focus on the Macro and Micro environment. This study will help us in finding out the effect of these external factors on the company in the next few years. The Macro environment factors will include Political, economical, social and technological aspects under which Flydubai will be affected by. 1) Political Analysis: A) Government Regulations: Flydubai was established with orders of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai. Being owned by the Dubai government the company faces no difficulties in laws and regulations as the airline industry in the Emirates is booming through the process of liberalization the airline industry that the United Arab Emirates is adapting. B) Political Analysis: In studying the overall political environment of the United Arab Emirates, we find it one of the most stable countries within the region. Such political approach of peace seeking had made the country a trading hub in the region. This will certainly have its positive effect on flydubai operations as to perform in stable political environment. C) Employment Laws: Protecting labors rights and Emiratization is considered the main aspect that the UAE government is taking into consideration now a days. Companies are now forced to have a certain percentage that of emirates locals that will increase in the following years as there is more emphasis on employing locals in the private sector. Being a part of Emirates Airlines Group, Flydubai will certainly adapt its mother company in hiring and training locals in suitable jobs. The challenge that Flydubai will going to face is to decrease costs in one hand and provide well paid jobs in the same time . 2) Economical Analysis: A) Inflation Rate: The inflation rate in the UAE is predicted to fall from last years 11.1 percent level to seven percent in 2010, according to a new report. (Sambidge, 2009). This is considered a positive aspect for Flydubai as it will have its positive effects in reducing the company costs in oil and ground operations. High inflation rates reaching to 11 percent last year was a threat to low cost airlines such as Air Arabia and Al Jazerra Airlines that faced a problem of high oil prices. This good news will make Flydubai compete even stronger on prices as inflation rates goes down. B) Economical Analysis: Falling oil prices, cooling real estate and construction markets, together with a slowdown in the tourism sector, especially in Dubai, means the UAE is expected to post low or possibly negative GDP growth in 2009, according to analysts. (Sambidge, 2009). Living in the current World Financial Economic Crises the UAE economy in general and Dubai in specific faced a hard time in 2009 but analysts forecast that there will be more positive figures in 2010. This information is considered a negative too many airline companies but may be positive to Flydubai as people are now more focus in reducing their expenses as the incomes are reduced. This means their tendency of consumers focusing more on prices which is a positive thing for a low cost airline. Additionally, analysts forecast that the economy will grow in 2010 again and this will certainly have its effect on the company growth. 3) Social Analysis: A) Demographics: More than 300,000 people will be added to the UAE population this year to record the highest growth of 6.3 per cent in five years and Dubai would likely emerge as the fastest growing emirate, official figures show. The rise rebuffs reports that the global financial turbulence has triggered a mass exodus of expatriates out of the country, mainly Dubai. From 4.75 million in mid 2008, the UAEs population is projected to increase to 5.066 million in mid 2009, showed the figures by the Ministry of Economy. This figure are going to increase in the next few years which will certainly have its positive effects on the airline industry in UAE considering that expatriates make an approximate percentage of 80.1 of the above figure in 2009 according to the ministry of economy. Furthermore, the figures show that the 25-29 year age group was the largest in the UAE in mid 2008, standing at 777,186. It was followed by the 30-34 age groups, which was estimated at 754,289 and 35-39 groups of 588,505. This clearly indicates that most of the population is young and is going to shape the tourism and aviation market in the next couple of years. B) Consumer Behavior: According to a study done by Arabian Business website, it was found that 83 percent of the respondents would switch their preferred airline carrier, for a cheaper price, while 17.6 percent believed they would consider alternatives and trade off between the discount and lost air miles. It can thus be inferred that pricing plays a significant role in consumer behaviour and the decision making process especially in the current economic downturn era. Furthermore, customer loyalty in the low cost carriers is low as its directly related to price. Flydubai should consider this into account and introduce customer loyalty programs in order to maintain a higher level of customer loyalty. (Glass, 2008). C) Leisure Interests: 3.85 million tourists had visited the emirate in the first half of 2009, a five percent increase on the same period of 2008 According to Dubai department of Tourism and commerce marketing . This figure strongly shows the current tourism industry market and how attractive it became even though of the current economical downturn. Other figures expect that the number of tourists will fall compared to 2008 figures but most figures have stated that there will be a positive growth in 2010. D) Career Attitude: Business travelers are changing their perception of low cost carriers. As observed by Andrew Cowen, CEO of Same, the market is shifting from the traditional major airlines business travel towards low cost carriers for trips within the GCC. This changing attitude, supported by the current economic downturn and the increase number of foreign businesses within GCC countries entering the UAE, shows a trend of an increasing demand for low cost carriers in the next three years. (High time for low cost carriers, 2008). E) Technological Development Analysis: Following its mother company Emirates Airlines, we expect that Flydubai become a market leader in providing advanced technological solutions to its passengers by using the large experience that emirates airline have. If such direction was adapted, it will certainly provide the needed strength that Flydubai need in competing with its direct and indirect competitors. Appendix 4 Micro Environment: Stakeholder Analysis: This means to analyze the micro environment which includes the following factors: the customers, employees, shareholders, media, and the competitors. A) Customers: Customers who are price conscious are concerned with low cost airlines. Flydubai has focused on pricing strategy and flexibility because these two factors play a big role in determining the customers decision process on which airlines they choose to travel with. Price strategy and flexibility of Flydubai include low pricing strategy and easy booking with increased choices. As Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Chairman of Flydubai said: As a true low cost airline we are geared towards providing our passengers with the best price and increased choice. We will operate efficiently and continually evolve to deliver the best possible product to our customers. (Flydubai opens for, 2009). The cost of Flydubai from Dubai airport to Doha airport would cost 200DHS, whereas other major airlines such as; Emirates or Qatar airlines would cost approximately 1000 or more for a one way ticket (Flydubai home page, 2009). This shows that Flydubai is much cheaper and has managed to keep prices low due to the successful use of their pricing strategy. Moreover, the number of tourist from around the world including the region will grow more than 40% in the next 3 years in Dubai (Number of tourists, 2009) .This shows that there will be increased number of customers who will use Flydubai airlines within the next three years due its successful use of pricing strategy and flexibility. B) Employees: Flydubai airline has received more than 11,500 applications from flight and cabin crew. There are 18 first officers, 61 captains, and almost more than 8000 candidates for pilots were selected from twelve different nationalities (Sambidge, 2009). The staff has good experiences and was carefully selected. According to Kenneth Gile, chief operating officer of Flydubai said: We are extremely pleased with the talent of the pilots we have on board. On average, they each have more than 4,000 hours serving as captain in similar aircraft and a total experience of more than 8,000 flying hours this is impressive by any standard (Sambidge, 2009). Furthermore, employee and staff hospitality is very important. This is because the employees and staff were selected from twelve different nationalities and they need to feel comfortable with the new culture they are facing in order to work efficiently. D) Shareholders: Flydubai is fully owned by the government of Dubai and its considered as a part of its mother company the Emirates Group. The company has no other shareholders currently as there its 250 million dirhams capital is completely raised by the government. E) The media: Obviously, through observations, Flydubai has made many advertisements through publicity such as; Newspapers (e.g. gulf news) and internet websites. However, the main strategy they used

The Benefits of Local Farming Essays -- Food Science

It used to be that fine dining establishments featured imported ingredients on the menu. These days, many chefs in high quality restaurants take pride in featuring locally grown, seasonal items. Even some large chain grocery stores now offer meat and produce from local farms. While most Americans probably would not feel the need to be as close to their meat as Makenna Goodman describes in â€Å"Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night†, there is growing support for Goodman’s ideas that being closer to the food results in better food quality (246). Many Americans seem to concur, as they are now willing to pay more for locally grown and organically raised food. Having seen countless local farms plowed under to become housing developments or shopping malls, and having dealt with several epidemics of tainted food, Americans are more conscious of the ‘support your local farmer’ movement. If this new ‘food fashion’ cont inues to grow in popularity, it will help strengthen local farms that in past years have suffered at the expense of large commercial farming enterprises. According to Michael Pollan federal policy has promoted industrial agriculture, or agribusiness, since the Nixon era in the belief that keeping food costs low by obtaining maximum production of commodity crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, and rice) was in the best interest of the national political agenda (186). In â€Å"Farmer in Chief†, Pollan asks President Obama to change federal policy and instead promote local farming, asserting that how Americans grow, process, and eat food impacts the health care crisis, energy independence, and climate change (187). Goodman, Pollan, and others agree that more local, small-scale, farming will be better for th... ...ge.html?res=9500EEDC143EF936A15757C0A9619C8B63>. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). EPA, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 07 May 2012. . Goodman, Makenna. â€Å"Ever Wonder if You Could Kill What You Eat? We Did the Other Night.† Acting out Culture: Reading and Writing. Ed. James S. Miller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 246-248. Print. Pollan, Michael. â€Å"Farmer in Chief.† Acting out Culture: Reading and Writing. Ed. James S. Miller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 186-203. Print. Sustainable Table. GRACE Communications Foundation. Web. 07 May 2012. . United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service. USDA, 2012. Web. 07 May. 2012. .

Google Swot Analysis

GOOGLE Google has market leadership for search related advertising with 65 percent of all online searches in 2008. Google has a strong brand name. The company has developed a reputation for providing the best search results as an online search engine. Google is very easy to use or user friendly, anyone with minimal computer knowledge can easily maneuver its way through Goggles website and search for whatever information they would like. The simplicity of the website makes it so that users become familiar with Google very fast. Google is able to provide search results at a very high speed. Someone can type a keyword in the search box regarding any kind of topics and search results will be displayed in seconds. Another strength of Google is its ability to adapt and innovate its products with changes in demand. Google shows strong financial position with positive cash flow and low debt. Some weaknesses of Google include manipulation of Google ranking technology by spammers. Google cost per click advertising charging and ranking policy confuse marketers in the sense that they cannot predict where their ad would be positioned and how much it would cost. Another weakness of Google is that it does not provide highly personalized search or expert search. Also Google does not have sticky like yahoo and MSN which can attract users. Although Google is the market leader among search engine websites, only 50 percent to 60 percent of search queries are answered appropriately. As far as opportunities, Google can add sticky like chat rooms and email systems to attract more users. Google can also add more personalized or expert searching. The company can add more services such as private database, print media and multimedia. Google can merge with established mass market companies to gain more users and advertisers. As far as threats, Google is facing strong competition from rivals such as Yahoo, Msn and face book. Also Google depends partially on some companies or portals like AOL and getting those contracts terminated, Google would loose large amount of revenues. There is no real entry barrier in this kind of online business. This means more competitors can emerge in the future and by providing the same services with improve interface, they can steal Google’s market. Google confusing cost per click and ranking can detract many potential advertisers. Companies like yahoo provide more services and solutions with conventional search than Google. Google might loose its users to companies with more services. As far as recommendations for strategy, Google should adapt a product development strategy where its focus will be on improving its currents services to attract new users. Google can focus on making its search engine more accurate, relevant and dependable than it is now. Google should also use a diversification strategy where they can add new services to attract new users. Services such as print, multimedia, instant messaging will drive new customers to Google. Google Swot Analysis GOOGLE Google has market leadership for search related advertising with 65 percent of all online searches in 2008. Google has a strong brand name. The company has developed a reputation for providing the best search results as an online search engine. Google is very easy to use or user friendly, anyone with minimal computer knowledge can easily maneuver its way through Goggles website and search for whatever information they would like. The simplicity of the website makes it so that users become familiar with Google very fast. Google is able to provide search results at a very high speed. Someone can type a keyword in the search box regarding any kind of topics and search results will be displayed in seconds. Another strength of Google is its ability to adapt and innovate its products with changes in demand. Google shows strong financial position with positive cash flow and low debt. Some weaknesses of Google include manipulation of Google ranking technology by spammers. Google cost per click advertising charging and ranking policy confuse marketers in the sense that they cannot predict where their ad would be positioned and how much it would cost. Another weakness of Google is that it does not provide highly personalized search or expert search. Also Google does not have sticky like yahoo and MSN which can attract users. Although Google is the market leader among search engine websites, only 50 percent to 60 percent of search queries are answered appropriately. As far as opportunities, Google can add sticky like chat rooms and email systems to attract more users. Google can also add more personalized or expert searching. The company can add more services such as private database, print media and multimedia. Google can merge with established mass market companies to gain more users and advertisers. As far as threats, Google is facing strong competition from rivals such as Yahoo, Msn and face book. Also Google depends partially on some companies or portals like AOL and getting those contracts terminated, Google would loose large amount of revenues. There is no real entry barrier in this kind of online business. This means more competitors can emerge in the future and by providing the same services with improve interface, they can steal Google’s market. Google confusing cost per click and ranking can detract many potential advertisers. Companies like yahoo provide more services and solutions with conventional search than Google. Google might loose its users to companies with more services. As far as recommendations for strategy, Google should adapt a product development strategy where its focus will be on improving its currents services to attract new users. Google can focus on making its search engine more accurate, relevant and dependable than it is now. Google should also use a diversification strategy where they can add new services to attract new users. Services such as print, multimedia, instant messaging will drive new customers to Google.

Free Essays on Struggle To Survive

Struggle to Survive The early settlers of America spent arduous hours creating a national document which would hopefully spell out the basic ingredients necessary to sustain a unified democracy within this land. From the beginning, these pioneers wanted to establish a worthy place free of restrictions which would not subvert or obstruct the basic foundations of a viable democratic society. Educational, political, social, and religious freedoms were some of the known necessities for the real American way of life in this new country. But in the midst of building this democratic society, something strange happened. Out of a desperate need for laborers, the American economic system resolved to the use of indentured servants and slaves. Labor intensive jobs were soaring as the colonies grew into the Thirteen Original Colonies. Soon the freed indentured servants left only the slaves as permanent laborers. Slaves from the African continent made up the bulk of the labor intensive crew. Growing up in Eastern Europe at that time, you can find yourself very confused. On television I saw a different America, one full of action movies, and fast food also powerful and rich. Something I never noticed was the struggle for equal treatment of people of color. I learned about that when I came here and seen it with my own eyes. I believe the media causes a lot of that confusion that I experienced in Poland. Parts of me can conquer with the struggle that the Black union workers experienced. It was something to take notice of. At that time the Country struggled. I wasn’t aware of the funkadelic experience brought upon by the citizens of the state. Simple explanation; I wasn’t born yet. Just like many of my friends. On top of everything I seen the world from a different spectrum; compared to typical American. I was part of an organization that heavily depended on union steel workers. Our product was industrial blowers; they were... Free Essays on Struggle To Survive Free Essays on Struggle To Survive Struggle to Survive The early settlers of America spent arduous hours creating a national document which would hopefully spell out the basic ingredients necessary to sustain a unified democracy within this land. From the beginning, these pioneers wanted to establish a worthy place free of restrictions which would not subvert or obstruct the basic foundations of a viable democratic society. Educational, political, social, and religious freedoms were some of the known necessities for the real American way of life in this new country. But in the midst of building this democratic society, something strange happened. Out of a desperate need for laborers, the American economic system resolved to the use of indentured servants and slaves. Labor intensive jobs were soaring as the colonies grew into the Thirteen Original Colonies. Soon the freed indentured servants left only the slaves as permanent laborers. Slaves from the African continent made up the bulk of the labor intensive crew. Growing up in Eastern Europe at that time, you can find yourself very confused. On television I saw a different America, one full of action movies, and fast food also powerful and rich. Something I never noticed was the struggle for equal treatment of people of color. I learned about that when I came here and seen it with my own eyes. I believe the media causes a lot of that confusion that I experienced in Poland. Parts of me can conquer with the struggle that the Black union workers experienced. It was something to take notice of. At that time the Country struggled. I wasn’t aware of the funkadelic experience brought upon by the citizens of the state. Simple explanation; I wasn’t born yet. Just like many of my friends. On top of everything I seen the world from a different spectrum; compared to typical American. I was part of an organization that heavily depended on union steel workers. Our product was industrial blowers; they were...

Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Example

Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Example Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay Micro Credit And Economic Empowerment Of Women Social Work Essay Essay There are many empirical surveies look intoing the relationship among micro recognition and economic authorization of adult females and are besides supported by theories. However, the consequences are varied as different techniques and informations samples have been adopted. This portion uses an overview of the some of the past surveies, which will do it easy to understand the nature of the relationship among the focal point variables. Literature study gives drumhead of articles in which, the intent of the survey, how it was conducted ( how information was gathered ) and major findings are explained. At the terminal, major findings of the surveies of literature reappraisal are briefly summarized. Economic determination doing consists of inquiries on whether adult females themselves were involved in determinations on outgos for house fix and building, farm animal sale and purchase, borrowing money, and minutess affecting family equipment. Credit promotes adult females to hold greater societal web and holding greater freedom of mobility. Women s micro recognition engagement significantly increases their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption and in make up ones minding how those borrowed financess are expended. Authorization has been defined in many different ways. Harmonizing to Elahi ( 2003 ) , the verb empower has two uses foremost when a individual is given with some authorization or power that, can be given lawfully or officially and that power is given for some specific intent. The noun empowerment agencies either the action of authorising or the province of being empowered. Women Authorization is besides an equivocal term. Mayoux ( 2000 ) discussed how adult females s authorization needs to be an built-in portion of policies. The paper was based on research by the writer and secondary beginning stuff 15 instance surveies form the chief footing of the statements. Authorization can non be assumed to be an automatic result of micro-finance programmes, whether designed for fiscal sustainability or poorness targeting. Harmonizing to Linda Mayoux economic authorization means adult females s entree to nest eggs and recognition that gives them a greater economic function in decision-ma king through their determination about nest eggs and recognition. Access to nest eggs and recognition installations and adult females s determination about what is being done with nest eggs and recognition strengthens adult females s say in economic determinations of the family. This enables adult females to increase outgo on the wellbeing of themselves and their kids. A adult female makes betterment in an economic activity and besides have control over income that is the consequence of entree to microfinance with improved adult females s accomplishments, mobility, and entree to knowledge and back up webs. There is an addition in income from adult females s or household economic activities but control over income by adult females is non at that place. In many instances work forces control the income even from adult females s economic activities and expect adult females to utilize all their income for pre-determined family outgo. Whether Microfinance has a positive or negative impact on adult females, is debateable and controversial. Hulme A ; Mosley ( 1996 ) concluded that, most modern-day strategies are non every bit effectual as they should hold been and that micro-credit is non a Panacea for poverty-alleviation and that inA some instances the poorest people have been made worse-off. Khondkar ( 2001 ) agrees with these decision, peculiarly with mention to adult females authorization. He examined the impacts of recognition on adult females s economic, societal, political and psychological authorization, taking history of the possibility of different impacts on different groups of adult females. The first stage of the sample study included 300 adult females, the 2nd stage of the sample study included 150 adult females and 35 elaborate instance surveies were performed Harmonizing to Khondkar, economic power means entree to income, assets, nutrient, markets and decision-making power in the economic domain. Social power is defined as when a individual has entree to certain bases of single production such as fiscal resources, information, cognition, accomplishments and engagement in societal administrations. Recognition has both positive every bit good as negative effects it depends on who receive it and how utilize it, sometimes it has no impact. As in most instances recognition was unable to alter adult females penchant in respects to accessing the improved nutrient that is available. Limited impact of recognition on betterment of adult females s determination doing power in the economic domain is observed. Merely a few adult females were observed taking portion in determination doing about disbursement household income but that is merely the consequence of non holding any male member within the family. Access to market is necessary to cut down the poorness every bit good as to authorise adult females. Research found that, entree to recognition has non been effectual in authorising adult females economically. On the other manus, assorted other research workers reported positive effects of Microfinance on adult females empowerment. Cheston ( 2000 ) focused on grounds available about impact on adult females, in footings of both public assistance and authorization. Research shows that, adult females spend most of their income on house clasp, hence when they are helped to increase their income, whole household is improved. Authorization is about alteration, pick, and power. It is a procedure of alteration by which persons or groups holding a small power or even with no power additions the power and makes them able to do picks that affect their lives. The construction of power is who has the power, what are the beginnings of power, and how power is put into consequence straight affect the picks that adult females are able to do in their lives. He concluded that, Microfinance plans have important impact on the empowerment procedure. For adult females empowerment, it is necessary that, she has e ntree to stuff, human, and societal resources necessary to do strategic picks in her life. Microfinance empowers adult females by seting capital in their custodies and leting them to gain an independent income. This economic authorization is expected to bring forth increased self-pride, regard, and economic control for adult females donees. The impact of Microfinance vis a vie adult females authorization, has been found to be variable from civilization to civilization. In Ghana, adult females normally control their ain income from their concern. Because adult females are normally responsible for supplying nutrient, vesture, kids s allowances ( pocket money ) and cookery and cleansing supplies. Women earns adequate to assist and to cover male outgos like school fees, rent, furniture, and conveyance, her decision-making power frequently increases. Microfinance is non ever authorising for all adult females but, most adult females do see some grade of authorization as a consequence. When adult females are financially strong and they have economic part in households and communities, it plays a function to authorise them. Mayoux, ( 1998 ) examined the schemes that, increase impact of micro finance programmes on adult females empowerment. Research summarizes the findings of a pilot undertaking funded by Small Enterprise Development Fund of the Department for International Development ( DFID ) of the British authorities, and coordinated by Action Aid UK. Harmonizing to Linda Mayoux, there are many types of micro finance plans that specially focus on adult females. These scope from small-scale programmes based on self-help groups to big poverty-targeted Bankss. The three different attacks to micro-finance and adult females s authorization are identified by the research worker. The fiscal sustainability attack in which authorization is defined in single and economic footings, i.e. non merely increases income but, it is assumed to supply control over such income. The integrated community development attack, in which authorization is defined in footings of a individual being self sufficient plenty that decr eases her exposure. The feminist authorization attack, that is to alter gender dealingss. She analyze the authorization through model that, include power within, power to, power over, power with. She explains power within , as adult females has increased assurance and ill will, adult females is able to take determinations about her and other household members. Power to means adult females increased entree to income, productive assets and family belongings. It besides include, adult females increase in accomplishments and instruction, mobility and market handiness but lessening in load of domestic work including child care, improved wellness and nutrition. Power over include adult females have a control over loan which she borrowed, control over income how to use that, control over productive assets and family belongings, increased ability to find bounds of family ingestion and other valued countries of family decision-making at family and community degrees. Power with agenci es, adult females have increase in webs, ability and willingness to move as function theoretical account for other adult females enterprisers, she is able to increase outgo on girl kids and other female household members, addition in rating of girl kids and other female household members in house and in society, prioritization of proviso of pay employment for other adult females at good rewards. A really important survey was carried out by Heather Montgomery in Pakistan. Montgomery did non happen any important impact of Microfinance on adult females authorization. She discussed the poverty impact of Khushhali Bank s loaning plan in Pakistan by building a control group that is compared with intervention group. The writer made sample of 1538 participants and 260 non-participants in a figure of treatment small towns, where group-lending plans are being run every bit good as indiscriminately selected families from control small towns without a plan. Major findings of the survey are that, Khushhali Bank s micro recognition plan has positive impacts on both economic and societal public assistance of hapless people. Micro finance plan do nt hold important impact on addition in ingestion but it has positive impact on instruction and wellness of kids. Outgo on kids schooling and betterment on wellness has been increased. The highest aggregative impacts of the plan on income generat ing activities were to agriculture. However, no important impact was noticed on adult females authorization. Kabeer ( 2001 ) reached similar decision. She explored the grounds why recent ratings of the empowerment potency of recognition plans for rural adult females in Bangladesh have arrived at really conflicting decisions. Harmonizing to Naila Kabeer, adult females portion their loan sum with their male family member but the male members do nt make so. If loans are directed at adult females instead than work forces so whole household is stronger economically and adult females are empowered personally and socially. Lend to work forces prevent adult females from prosecuting in their ain income-earning activities. The survey provided both quantitative every bit good as qualitative grounds on this. Male borrowers were much more likely to be primary decision-makers in relation to loan usage, endeavor than were female borrowers who were more likely to describe joint decision-making. On the other manus, adult females s entree to recognition does look to hold lessened some of the gender favoritis m in decision-making. Harmonizing to the study, many adult females use a part of loan to heighten their productiveness. Malik A ; Luqman ( 2005 ) besides concluded that, Microfinance did non hold a important impact on Microfinance. The reappraisal paper focused on impact of micro-credit on adult females empowerment. Empowerment involves increased good being, entree to resources, assurance, self-esteem and regard, engagement in decision-making and bargaining power, and increased control over benefits and their ain life. Micro-credit programmes focused on advancing alterations at single degree. Microfinance and micro-credit programmes have a powerful impact on adult females s authorization. But these plans do non ever empower adult females. Some adult females see some grade of authorization because ; it is a complex procedure of alteration and varied from civilization to civilization. The positive impact of micro recognition is that, it increases adult females s ability to do househo ld determinations, addition in self assurance and position in household and community, decrease in domestic force and speed up economic authorization. However, Mahjabeen ( 2007 ) has different positions. Her findings suggest that, microfinance is required for authorising the hapless people. Microfinance can be used as a tool to cut down the spread between rich and hapless and to heighten the life criterions of hapless people. She discussed the public assistance deductions of microfinance establishments ( MFIs ) in Bangladesh in a general equilibrium model. The general equilibrium theoretical account of Bangladesh is based on the information set of the real-financial societal accounting matrix of 1999-2000. The major findings were that, MFIs raise income of all families, addition ingestion of all trade goods by all families, generate employment, cut down income inequality and increase societal public assistance. Mahmud ( 2003 ) besides argued that Microfinance has a important impact on adult females authorization. He used the operational model to re-assess the relationship between engagement in micro recognition programmes and adult females s authorization in rural Bangladesh. Research aim was to see how empowerment can be through micro recognition. Harmonizing to researcher authorization is the consequence of addition in entree to and command over choice-enhancing resources that are under male control, which increases the societal position and value of adult females. The direct accomplishment of authorization is increase in public assistance of adult females, which include the public assistance of other household members peculiarly kids. Immediate accomplishments are outcomes that reflect betterment in both adult females s public assistance and in public assistance in comparing with work forces such as literacy, wellness, nutrition, mortality and morbidity, ingestion, and so on. The long-ru n accomplishment is reduced subordination to work forces ensuing from the alteration of societal, economic and political constructions that constrain adult females s public assistance and support adult females s subordination. Access to household income was greater with regard to little incomes that adult females themselves earn. Womans have a smaller function in determinations about how male incomes will be spent. Women s entree to male incomes increases their function in male determinations ; the determinations sing Crop production outgo were located in the male sphere, nutrient ingestion outgo determinations in the female sphere, with determinations on kids s schooling falling in the common sphere. Access to wellness attention has been taken as an of import determiner for adult females authorization in this survey. There have been researches to measure the impact of microfinance on entree to wellness attention . Kofi Annan articulated that, sustainable entree to microfinance aids relieve poorness by bring forthing income, making occupations, leting kids to travel to school, enabling households to obtain wellness attention, andA authorising people to do the picks that best serve their demands. Begum et Al ( 2000 ) examined the impact of micro recognition on wellness. Harmonizing to research workers increased income lead to better wellness, particularly if it is connected to other societal plans, peculiarly the authorization of adult females. Micro recognition chief intent is to increase income for adult females, peculiarly the poorest of the hapless, bettering the criterion of life, including the wellness of family members. Research shows the direct relationship between ad ult females s increased income from any beginning and the nutritionary position of kids. Economic control improves self-esteem and strengthens adult females s decision-making power in their households. Through micro recognition, adult females gain entree to capital, making the ability to feed, clothe, educate, house, and supply medical attention for their households. When adult females join together in groups their corporate voices become outstanding and they can talk for better wellness and as a consequence they empower their households every bit good as their community. Pitt et al. , ( 2003 ) have endorsed the above decisions. They examined the impact of engagement in group-based recognition plans on the wellness position of kids by gender in rural Bangladesh is observed. The informations come from a 1991/92 study, which includes a particular wellness position faculty incorporating anthropometric steps for kids under the age of 15 old ages in 15 small towns. Harmonizing to research workers, adult females recognition has a big and important impact on the good health of both male child and girl kids. Recognition provided to work forces has no important impact. When adult females have a control on household s resources their kids seem to be in good wellness. Female recognition is estimated to hold big, positive, and statistically important effects on the height-for-age of both male childs and misss. On the contrary, few researches have concluded that, there is no important of Microfinance on authorization and entree to wellness attention installations. Nader ( 2007 ) discussed the impact of micro recognition on socio economic well-being of adult females in Cairo by utilizing primary beginning informations to mensurate the impact of micro recognition plans on donees in Egypt. Harmonizing to Yasmine F. Nader, high correlativity between micro recognition and kids s instruction, income and assets and found that micro recognition does nt better wellness and harmoniousness in the household. Increase in the income is reinserted and invested in the assets which adult females possess, but sometimes the addition is assets is in families and personal assets ( like Television and others ) and non productive 1s. Some adult females use all of their income for ingestion intents. Enhancement of the kids s schooling has a multiplier consequence of giving recognition to adult females. Women give low place to their ain wellness in their precedences. Alternatively, schooling of their kids, feeding the household members and other types of lasting outgos, every bit good as some luxury allowances ( such as purchasing better apparels or amusement ) take precedence. Most adult females still depend on the authorities medical wellness insurance which is free but is by and large non really efficient due to low quality of services offered. Increase in adult females s income and assets played a really of import function in heightening adult females s economic independency and sense of assurance. Schooling of Children is besides an of import determiner of adult females authorization for the intent of this survey. Harmonizing to Pronyk et al. , ( 2007 ) few surveies have examined the consequence of microfinance on entree to instruction. Surveies from Bangladesh shows positive associations between microfinance engagement and rates of schooling but consequences are more in favor of male kids. In Africa, controlled surveies from Uganda besides suggest that engagement in microfinance is associated with increased investing in kids s instruction. However, in a survey conducted by Khandker et al. , ( 2008 ) , the antonym was discovered. The research workers discussed the comparing of the effects of immature adult females s engagement through some results that includes birthrate, add-on in assets, labour supply, and family results such as one-year per capita outgo and kids s schooling, with those for older adult females who participated in these plans. Paper was based on information s from the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies World Bank ( BIDS-WB ) study of 1991-92 and 1998-99. Fixed effects least squares appraisal is used to difference out any clip invariant unseen properties that drive choice into the plan either at the small town or the single degree. Young adult females have a higher demand for recognition than older adult females. There is no impact of plan engagement on kids s schooling or adult females s labour supply particularly in instance of immature adult females. In instance of older adult females, microcredit additions enrolment rate among boies and girls. Women s adoption has a positive impact on family per capita outgo. Another really of import determiner of adult females authorization is mobility and entree to market . Pit et Al ( 2006 ) focused on authorising adult females through micro finance and 1,798 families were interviewed that were indiscriminately drawn from 87 small towns of 29 thanas ( police Stationss ) in rural Bangladesh. Harmonizing to research workers female recognition affects the mobility/networking of adult females and in few instances married woman travels entirely outside the house. Economic determination doing consists of inquiries on whether adult females themselves were involved in determinations on outgos for house fix and building, farm animal sale and purchase, borrowing money, and minutess affecting family equipment. Women s authorization is multifaceted. Women s engagement in micro recognition significantly increases their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption and in make up ones minding how recognition is to be spent and where to pass. A married woman largely spends money for four major classs: lodging fix, livestock purchase, family loans, and land/equipment minutess. In all four classs, female recognition affects adult females s liberty sing determination devising. Research shows that adult female spends money in every class except land/equipment minutess. Credit plans help adult females to hold a greater function in family determination doing so they have greater entree to fiscal and economic resources. Credit promotes adult females to hold greater societal web and holding greater freedom of mobility. Another survey by Sharma endorses these positions. Sharma ( 2007 ) examined the effects of adult females s engagement in group-based micro-credit plans. The informations came from a particular study carried out in hill and terai in 2004-2006 of Nepal. Harmonizing to Puspa Raj Sharma adult females s engagement in micro-credit plans helps to increase adult females s authorization. Credit plan engagement leads to adult females taking a greater function in family decision-making, holding greater entree to fiscal and economic resources, holding greater societal webs, holding greater dickering power compared with their hubbies, and holding greater freedom of mobility. Female recognition besides tended to increase bridal communicating in general about household planning and parenting concerns. For the intent of this survey, Asset Purchase and Control has besides been considered as a determiner. Galab A ; Rao ( 2003 ) focused on the adult females who joined the SHGs of Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas ( DWCRA ) to analyze the features of adult females based group theoretical accounts of poorness relief and adult females empowerment that are being implemented in the province and part of these theoretical accounts to poverty relief and adult females authorization. Harmonizing to research workers adult females were able to better control over their labour, resources ( salvaging, recognition and income ) , and move and interact with others, leading, and picks related to reproduction, to some extent after taking micro recognition. The degrees of income of families have besides increased in all the classs of participants of the SHGs. The adult females acquired some non-land assets ; wellness, nutrition and instruction position of kids has improved. The adult fe males were able to run into their basic demands to some extent. The adult females have become more confident and independent under all the theoretical accounts. The determination about Savings is highly of import, when it comes to adult females authorization. Basu ( 2006 ) focused on adult females empowerment with regard to command of nest eggs, control of income, control over loans, control over buying capacity and household planning in some sample families in Hooghly territory of West Bengal. The analytical model of the survey is based on Nash Bargaining Game theoretic theoretical account. This was an empirical survey based on 100 SHG members in the Hooghly territory, West Bengal in 2006. Womans were asked about four economic issues. The issues were: ( 1 ) house fix and building, ( 2 ) farm animal sale and purchase, ( 3 ) adoption money, and ( 4 ) minutess affecting family equipment. For the last three issues about half of respondents answered that they and their hubbies jointly decided on the issue and implemented the action together. For the issue of lodging repair/construction adult females were able to take determination. There were me rely a few instances in which adult females take determination about above all four issues and besides implement them. Merely a few adult females reported that, they have entire independent control over money. Ample figure of adult females has their ain independency but holding a low degree of control over their nest eggs. Micro finance plan does non explicate the strong signifier of adult females empowerment instead it is weak signifier of adult females authorization. However, Khan and Rehman have expressed wholly different positions in this respect and have established that, MF has positive impact on nest eggs. Khan A ; Rahaman ( 2007 ) discussed the impact of microfinance on the hapless people of the society with chief focal point on Bangladesh. The aim of survey is to demo how microfinance works, by utilizing group loaning methodological analysis for cut downing poorness and how it affects the populating criterion ( income, salvaging etc. ) of the hapless people. One of the most of import facets of microfinance is savings mobilisation, sample was chosen based on the random sampling technique, from one territory ( Chittagong ) in Bangladesh. Harmonizing to research worker microfinance has positive impact on the criterion of life of hapless people and on their life manner. It has non merely helped hapless people to come over the poorness line, but has besides helped them to authorise themselves. They were able to increase their income and provid ed non merely with fiscal aid to their households but besides had positive impact on other factors of day-to-day life. These hapless adult females brought about a positive alteration to their fiscal and societal state of affairs and started taking active portion in the determination doing procedure of the household and society. The consequences sing the success of increased function in determination devising procedure in the household, reveals that microfinance plans are extremely associated to construct up of societal and economic authorization. Major findings of old surveies are that, for adult females empowerment, it is necessary that she has entree to the stuff, human, and societal resources necessary to do strategic picks in her life. Microfinance empowers adult females by seting capital in their custodies and leting them to gain an independent income. Recognition has both positive every bit good as negative effects, it depends on who receive it and how utilizes it. Sometimes it has no impact. Women s engagement in micro recognition additions their function in make up ones minding and implementing family adoption. Credit plan engagement, leads to adult females taking a greater function in family decision-making ; holding greater entree to fiscal and economic resources ; holding greater societal webs ; holding greater dickering power compared with their hubbies and holding greater freedom of mobility. The degrees of income of families have besides increased acquisition of some non-land assets ; wellness, nutrition and ins truction position of kids has improved. Negative impact of micro recognition was of extremely restrictive environment for adult females along with the increased work load and duties as a consequence of their engagement in income generating activities other than their traditional duties. Microfinance is non ever authorising for all adult females, most adult females do see some grade of authorization. Micro recognition has become one of the most of import tools used to cut down poorness and to increase well-being of household. 3.1 Research Gap Although surveies have been conducted to analyze impact of Micro Finance, nevertheless small or no research has been done to determine whether Microfinance or Micro-credit has had a important positive or negative impact on the authorization of hapless rural adult females in Pakistan. Research Methodology This portion is divided in to two subdivisions. First subdivision is about the hypothesis of the research and the 2nd subdivision is about research design inside informations which include type of research, survey scenes, survey participants, mark group profile, trying technique, instrument development and techniques for informations analysis. Different methodological analysiss have been used to carry on such Impact Analysis Studies. It is hard to follow a standard methodological analysis for impact appraisal, as it is every bit much an art as a scientific discipline ( Little, 1997 cited in Hulme, 2000 ) and is a strenuous exercising. 4.1 Hypothesis The purpose of the survey is to seek empirical grounds to analyze the undermentioned hypothesis ; Null Hypothesis MF has a significantly positive impact on authorization of rural adult females in Pakistan. Alternate Hypothesis MF has a significantly negative / no impact on authorization of rural adult females in Pakistan. Research Questions Are hapless rural adult females empowered to make up ones mind about taking and.utilizing loans without their hubby s / household members intervention? Are hapless rural adult females empowered to do amp ; implement economic determinations related disbursement, ingestion, investings, sale / purchase of family / concern assets etc? Are hapless rural adult females empowered to do determinations about accessing other fiscal services ( salvaging e.g. ) ? Research design inside informations Following are the constituents of the research. 4.2.1 Type of Research This survey is descriptive in nature, which intended to entree the impact of KBL micro recognition plan on the economic authorization of adult females. This is quantitative research that is through questionnaire. Study Settings Study is based on secondary every bit good as primary informations. Secondary information is collected to research the subject every bit good as to acquire the maximal available information about micro recognition and its impact on economic authorization of adult females. Primary information is gathered to back up the secondary informations and for this intent detailed study was conducted to acquire the information. Study Participants Profile The participants of study are adult females clients of Khushhali Bank Ltd. The participants were selected from the adult females clients of bank from Chakwal. 4.2.3.1 Demographics Harmonizing to the 1998 nose count of Pakistan the entire population of Chakwal was 1,083,725 of which 12.01 % merely were urban doing Chakwal the most rural territory in Punjab. Chakwal is fundamentally an agribusiness country about 70 % of its population is engaged in agribusiness. A little per centum of population is engaged in banking, wellness, instruction and industrial sector. The folk, kins and castes that inhabit this country are the Awans, Jats, Bhutta, Mair Minhas Rajputs, Jalaps, Kahuts, Mughal, Kassar, Pathans, Janjua Rajputs, Bhatti, Gujars, Gondals, Syeds, Arains, Butts and the Punjabi Sheikhs. 4.2.3.2 Psychographics of Respondents The frock which work forces, adult females and kids wear is really simple as work forces by and large wear shalwar kameez or dhoti kurta and adult females by and large wear shalwar kameez with dupatta. The nutrient which is consumed by the people of chakwal is besides simple. In rural chakwal veggies, meat etc is cooked in ghee or butter is eaten with rotti ( staff of life ) . The physical characteristics of the territory, its folks, its society and its economic system all combine to do Chakwal one of the chief recruiting countries for the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Air Force. Other chief businesss of the people are agriculture and excavation. Transport and domestic fowl concern is besides of import. 4.2.4 Sampling Technique Sampling methodological analysis adopted for informations aggregation is non chance trying method named as convenience trying method. Every adult female who is current or old client of Khushhali Bank Chakwal Branch was included in the sample. The sample for the survey was the taken from above mentioned population. Time restraint has prevented from appraising a larger population. 4.2.5 Sample Size 100 adult females clients of Khushhali bank who belongs to rural Chakwal. Almost all are from hapless ( below poorness line / non-tax remunerator ) backgrounds. All have taken loan from the Bank. 4.2.6 Distribution of Sample Table 4.1 Distribution of Sample Areas Number of clients Chakwal ( Adjoining small towns ) 40 Sadwal 10 Marath 16 Janga 12 Mehro Pelo 8 Bullay Bala 6 Fam Kasar 8 Entire 100 Sample Selection All respondents satisfy the undermentioned standards. Age 18 to 58 Married Womans Respondent s income less than nonexempt income Holders of National Identity Card ( NIC ) Either a lasting occupant of the country or a occupant for at least two old ages 4.2.8 Clause for Replacement of Respondent Following steps were taken in instance selected respondents decline to make full questionnaires An attempt was made to actuate by briefing the aims of the study and bespeaking to suit the interview at some other clip In other fortunes a family adult females is replaced by bordering family adult females in instance all the group members are absent from the house. Time Horizon The information for this peculiar survey is collected over period of 2 months. The whole research is based on both secondary informations and study to acquire the sentiment and perceptual experience of clients sing economic authorization. Evidence of Research Datas In order to turn to this Impact Analysis Study, both primary and secondary information was gathered.. Secondary Datas Initially secondary informations was collected, to determine if a similar research had been conducted before and what were the findings. This would put base for research. Data would be collected from books, diaries, articles, cyberspace etc. Relevant and utile stuff would be included in Literature reappraisal. Although, some similar studies were available, but were largely conducted in other states. There is barely any research, which focuses peculiarly on adult females economic authorization in Pakistan. Primary Data Primary Data was collected via studies, interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted separately every bit good as in groups. Structured and unstructured inquiries were asked. Data Collection Survey scheme was used to garner qualitative and quantitative informations. Pakistan Microfiance Network s quarterly study was a good beginning of secondary quantitative informations. Some quantitative information was besides available with MFIs. There are a few Impact Analysis studies available ( Montgomery, 2005 /2006 e.g. ) , although they are non straight focussed on adult females, but still transport some utile information. As for primary informations, countries visited during research procedure included Semi-Urban Chakwal, Sadwal, Marath, Janga, Mehro pelo, Fam Kasar, Bullay Bala. So from the above mentioned sample of specified population, questionnaires have been filled out. Personal aid was besides provided, wheresoever required as respondents were non educated plenty to understand as most of the respondents were illiterate. Every respondent took about 15 to 25 proceedingss to reply all inquiries. Questionnaires and Interviews Most of the primary information was qualitative in nature and was collected through studies, structured interview and questionnaires. A sensible sample of about a 100 adult females was selected, from different geographic location and background. There were nevertheless opportunities of choice prejudice ( Hulme, 2000 ) , hence sample was carefully selected. The inquiries were in the closed, list, class, ranking and evaluation graduated tables in easy local linguistic communication, get downing with easy to more complicated inquiries. The advantage of utilizing questionnaires, are that, the research worker is easy able to garner significant information in lesser clip. The questionnaires have to be carefully worded to avoid inquiring personal or sensitive inquiries as they may pique the respondent ( Saunders, et Al. 2007 ) . Since pre-determined questionnaires can be inflexible at times ( Saunders, et Al. 2007 ) semi-structured and un-structured interview were conducted from more antiphonal and willing respondents. Systematic and good organized inquiries that will give responses to the inquiries raised andA furthermore test the hypothesis. The advantage is that some respondents may experience more comfy in an synergistic session ; they might be loath to supply the same information on paper. Besides communicating spread and misunderstood responses can be avoided and new countries may be explored. The information gathered is more realistic. Disadvantages are that, such Sessionss are more clip consuming. The major restriction is the distant location of research country. Another issue with questionnaires and interview is that, adult females are loath to supply information peculiarly to male research workers. After literature reappraisal on micro finance, a study questionnaire ( see in appendix ) was developed. The questionnaire comprised of two parts. First portion was related to personal informations or demographics of respondents and 2nd part was related to micro recognition and its impact on economic authorization of adult females. In study questionnaire different types of graduated tables has been used. Respondents were required to rank or tag each inquiry harmonizing to way given in the questionnaire. Questionnaire wholly covered all the variables and sub factors of each variable affecting in survey. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire was prepared on following footing Survey aims Ease in conductance Adaptability for informations input and quantitative analysis The questionnaires so translated in Urdu. Questionnaires consist of 44 inquiries. First part consist of personal information like age, matrimonial position instruction degree and answering country, loan rhythm, intent of loan. Section1 Personal information 7 points Section 2 Income and control over income 4 points Savingss and control over salvaging 5 points Education of kids 8 points Control over loan 2 points Health 7 points Control over assets 4 points Market handiness 7 points Alpha Reliability Dependability and cogency of questionnaire was checked through Cronbach s alpha which was 0.654. A pilot survey was conducted before the aggregation of concluding informations in order to look into the cogency and dependability of the questionnaire. Pilot trial was run on 15 respondents who are adult females clients of Khushhali Bank Chakwal. 4.4 Data Gathering A ; Analysis Data was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Graphs, chart, tabular arraies etc would be used to stand for informations. The responses were statistically tested by utilizing e.g. standard divergence or qi square etc. , depending on the information retrieved. To this terminal, I used the SPSS ( statistical bundle for societal scientific discipline ) version 13.0 package to cipher the statistical step and so consequences were to be analyzed by cross tabular matter of informations. Earlier, I was be aftering to utilize Multiple Regression Analysis but it was non used, as it has been seldom used in Microfinance as it requires immense informations on other possible causal factors and its premises ( Mosley, 1997 ) . 4.5 Resources Time Bing a parttime pupil, clip is scarcest. In order to track deliverables, I have prepared ( attached as Appendix 2 ) a Gantt Chart. Travel The interviewer travelled to the research country. Assistants / Peoples I took aid from former co-workers at MFIs. I was besides supported by my supervisor. If possible, I shall besides make out the mark clients. Literature I have been on a regular basis confer withing books, articles, diaries, documents and electronic informations. Cost It included the cost of stationary and postage. The questionnaires were photocopied and sent to Pakistan and so received once more. Expenses were besides incurred in set uping field visits. Consideration of Risks The impact of Micro Finance / Micro recognition can be observed over a long period of clip. If a adult female client is in 1st or 2nd loan rhythm, the impact might non be every bit important as clients in 5th rhythm. Coleman ( 2002 ) , Alexander ( 2001 ) and Hashemi ( 1997 ) suggest that, since Micro Finance clients already have initial advantages over non-clients, the impact will be overestimated if these initial prejudices are non controlled for. Since most of the loans are extended in the signifier of groups and non persons, there are opportunities of sample prejudice. ( Montgomery, 2005 ) The impact of a Micro Finance programme besides depends on internal factors such as loan sum, involvement rate, continuance of loan, client choice, use of loan, merchandise quality and external factors such as degree of poorness and rising prices, economic conditions, political conditions etc. Harmonizing to Woller et Al ( 2002 ) , despite a battalion of surveies devoted to the subject, the impact of microfinance plans remains an intensely debated issue. The consequences may differ from clip to clip. There is besides hazard of ascription A ; exchangeability ( Hulme, 2000 ) , that needs to be controlled. Ethical Issues Confidentiality Pakistan is a spiritual and conservative society where adult females are loath to speak and go through on their family information freely to unknown work forces. Although some informations was accessible through Pakistan Microfinance Network, nevertheless, some MFIs and authorities sections are loath to portion informations, particularly that of adult females clients. The respondents had to be informed before carry oning the research ( Hulmes, 2000 ) , nevertheless it made few clients loath to take portion in the study. The respondents were approached, largely in their places. The respondents were voluntary in order to hold honest replies. They were briefed about the nature of survey being carried out. Participants were assured that their responses would be confidential.